Discouraging Crime by Cracking down on Criminal Behavior...

Discouraging Crime by Cracking down on Criminal Behavior: Result is Safer Communities The frequency of crimes committed in many communities result in a heightened fear for those affected by this criminal behavior. More focus is required on the methods used to deter crime to discourage individuals from committing criminal behavior. Understanding of what is sociably acceptable and what violates cultural standards in a community is important. Then society will be able to find suitable ways to deject criminality through means of appropriate reprimand. Despite laws set to punish those who commit a crime, criminal behavior is still present in communities. Therefore, direct focus on criminal behavior can discourage crime by more police†¦show more content†¦Third, police presence in patrol cars can reduce deviant behavior by increasing visibility in areas prone to individuals breaking the law, such as speeding through school zones, radar police vehicles to slow traffic, and visually seeing police vehicles patrolling the streets. This method makes them able to respond quickly to calls and to look actively for crime. Whichever method of patrol the police use in a community to deter crime, the sociological perspective is a reminder to be aware of all the elements surrounding each situation to be successful (Macionis et al., 2009). The presence of police, in their many forms, contributes to a community’s awareness of crime control efforts, which result in deterring criminal behavior. Deterring Crime with Involvement from the Community Communities actively involved in deterring crime work directly with their local police to discuss any issues or expectations, learn about and address problems with crime in their area, and hear updates or resolutions on actions the police have had (Forman, 2004). Civilian based methods used in communities help to deter crime. For instance, a commonly known organization, Alberta Citizens on Patrol Association (ACOPA or better known as COP), made up of volunteer community members who want to work in collaboration with local police in creating a safer community by focusing on preventing crime (Alberta Citizens onShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesFundamentals of Human Resource Management Tenth Edition David A. DeCenzo Coastal Carolina University Conway, SC Stephen P. Robbins San Diego State University San Diego, CA Tenth Edition Contributor Susan L. Verhulst Des Moines Area Community College Ankeny, IA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate Publisher Executive Editor Senior Editoral Assistant Marketing Manager Marketing Assistant Production Manager Senior Production Editor Freelance Development Editor Senior Designer InteriorRead MoreCissp Study Guide67657 Words   |  271 Pagesand data. This type of policy can provide an approved software list, which contains a list of applications that can be installed on individual workstations. This policy can describe how databases are to be protected, how computers are to be locked down, and how firewall, intrusion diction systems, and scanners are to be employed. Pg 93 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide Pass Any Exam. Any Time. - www..com 5 Ac tua lTe Explanation: An acceptable use policy is a document

Counterintelligence Policies Free Essays

One of threatening crime these days in the U. S. is terrorism like the 9/11 tragedy and other similar terrorism attacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Counterintelligence Policies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reason is obvious that such attacks turn out to be suddenly happened that scare most people to go into public venues like malls, office buildings, bus or railway stations, and other places of interests. Prior to 9/11 tragedy, the U. S. experienced impressive economy growth in terms of GDP in which, according to CIA Factbook, â€Å"before 2001 the country became the largest and the most powerful economy in the world with a per capita GDP of $36,200† (†CIA Factbook 2001†). However, the situation turned upside down when terrorists attacked the Pentagon and Two Buildings of World Trade Center in September 2001. It turned out that the 9/11 brought the country’s economy to experience a great suffer since some industries experienced great losses and slow growth afterwards. In order to prevent such huge loses in the future; U. S. government takes some necessary actions in both foreign and domestic policy especially regarding the home country defense initiatives (counterintelligence) to protect U. S. citizen from foreign espionages that threatens the U. S. nation security, which also impacts the country economy. Concerning the counterintelligence issues that the U. S. faces, therefore, the thesis statement for this paper is â€Å"As foreign intelligence action becomes threats to the U. S. national security, what goals and policies that U. S. counterintelligence has within the past six decades and in the future and what factors in the counterintelligence initiatives that need fixing to improve future successes in counterintelligence† 2. Counterintelligences in the U. S. 2. 1 History and Recent Cases of Counterintelligence in the U. S. A great power is the result of the great pressure. This condition highlights the roadmap of the U. S. counterintelligence initiatives within the past six decades. To date, United States is still perceived as the most powerful nation on the earth that suggests many actions threat the country to challenge their defense system. Due to the current position as a super power country, such actions to the country’s land will take months or even years of preparation since the attackers must have reliable information about the country’s defense before prior to execute it. Since any attacks to the country take some times by sending the intelligence, therefore, the country has to have the capability to counteract any intelligence performed by country’s counterparts by securing vital information about their national security plans. One of action to secure it is through counterintelligence. Historically, counterintelligence started several decades ago when John Jay became the first coordinated a national level of counterintelligence efforts. At that time, the goal of committing the counterintelligence is to lead a legislative committee to investigate a plot to sabotage defense and infrastructure targets in New York. In his investigations, Jay employs at least 10 agents; a few of the famous ones are Nathaniel Sackett, Elijah Hunter and Enoch Crosby. All of his agents were operating under enormous pressure. Some were undercover; being unmasked meant death to all of them (Rose P. K. , 1999). Enoch Crosby is the best secret agent that John Jay has. He uses various names and identity to retrieve information about the pro-British’s activities. After he get â€Å"to famous† for his work in one place, he was assign to another area, joining another pro-British Colony (Rose, 1999). In addition, one of recent cases in counterintelligence was on the arrests of two Chinese, Fei Ye and Ming Zhong, who found guilty for their actions of committing economic espionage, highlights the importance to conduct counterintelligence to secure the U. S. critical resources including trade secrets. The cases occurred when they found to bring the stolen trade secret in their luggage in San Francisco International Airport in November 2001. According to their statement, they intend to take the trade secrets of two well-known IT companies in the U. S. -Sun Microsystems, Inc. and Transmeta Corporation- to support and profit the development of the respective industry in China (Department of Justice, 2006). Similarly, the case of 9/11 attack also highlights that the country experiences information leaks about sensitive defense material that let the tragedy happens. Other leaks of information might cause another threats to America in the future. Here is where American Counterintelligence takes a vital role. American Counterintelligence has found that leaks of information have often happened in the United States governmental and intelligence environments. It turned out; the history of Americans sold out their country goes back a very long way. How to cite Counterintelligence Policies, Papers

The Tax Law in Australia

Question: Discuss the tax law in Australia. Answer: Tax is the money earned from income of citizens and is paid by the citizens of a jurisdiction to their government for various purposes. In Australia, tax is paid by both individuals and companies ( Lehmah et al, 1989). The importance of tax collection in Australia include that tax collection aids in the fair redistribution of wealth in the state and second, raises revenue that is used to provide for the various public services such as free health care and salaries for government employees. Resident and non residents are differently. There are test set up to determine if a tax payer is a resident or not. For an individual, the first test is be an Australian resident, second is not a citizen but has been present in the country for more than 183 days in the financial year or not a citizen but been present in the country for an aggregate of more than 122 days in three consecutive years. For a corporation, it is considered resident if it is incorporated in the country, if it is not incorporated in Australia but it is run in the country or if it is listed as a resident by the government of Australia. Residency is important to tax payers. Resident tax payers pay less tax rates compared to non residents. Another difference is that residents are liable for capital gains tax while the non residents are liable only on real property (McMullan, 1992). In Australia, tax was introduced during the colonization period in 1788 by the first governor. The first taxes was the import taxes imposed first on wine and beer and later on all luxurious goods so as to cater for the orphans and to aid in the completion of the Sydney's first goal. Other taxes introduced by the colonial government included the wills tax and the stamp duty. During the First World War, federal income tax was introduced. The government thought taxation as a good way to generate income to cater for the expenses required during the war. Tax Administration Act was adopted in 1953. Australian constitution mandates the Common wealth with exclusive, concurrent and residual powers to impose taxes (Boden, et al 2010). In relation, the constitution also contain various provision such as that the laws made by common wealth have to be approved by the two houses of parliament that protects the state and the public from the powers given to the common wealth creating checks and balances. There are legislations that govern tax law such as Income Tax Assessment Act and the Income Tax Rates Act. There are various types of taxes in Australia. They are levied by the citizens to the three levels of government. There are the local, state and federal governments in Australia each with its role in tax collection. The taxes are then paid either on a progressive scale or on a flat rate. Progressive scale tax administration means that the rate of tax paid from income increases as the income increase. The more the income, the more the tax to be paid. On the other hand, flat rate means that the same rate applies to all irrespective of the amount ( Thuronyi, 2003). There are several types of taxes in Australia. To start with, is the personal income tax which accounts for about 67% of the federal government's revenue (Tomasic et al, 2002). This is a classification of taxes based on the tax payer as they are taxes paid by individuals for personal income. Personal income tax is paid on a progressive scale. Income tax is collected from the income of individuals. These kinds of taxes include income taxes which are the most significant taxes in Australia and are collected by the federal government. The body mandated to collect such tax is the Australian Taxation Office. Withholding tax is a form of tax collection whereby the tax is deducted from the source and the Australian Taxation Office collects it from the employer. Other personal income taxes include, the capital gains tax in which net capital gains are added to the taxable income then taxed in trusts capital gains tax shifts to the beneficiary while in a partnership, the partners are taxed separately and not as a partnership. An exemption is allowed for goods owned since 20th September 1985 when the tax was introduced. the death duty and the partnerships or trust taxes. The second types of income taxes are the corporate taxes. These are taxes paid by corporations for the income they make. The mode of payment here I a flat rate. Both resident and nonresident corporations are taxed. Another tax is the goods and services tax. This is tax paid for the value added on goods and services. The tax was introduced in the year 2000. However, the law provides for some goods and services that are exempted and one do not have to pay taxes for such.Property taxes are levied by state governments and are paid for income earned from owning property, departure tax is also known as the passenger movement charge it is levied on all passengers leaving the country. Luxury car tax is levied on businesses that sell luxurious and expensive cars. Payroll taxes are levied by the state governments in Australia on the wages and or salaries of the tax payers, inheritance tax is tax levied by the government for inherited property. The person who inherits the property pays the tax. Fringe Benefits Tax is a kind of tax collected by the Australian Taxation Office to some people on non monetary benefits that they enjoy. Fuel taxes are taxes levied on the commonly used fuels in Australia, and the custom duties are taxes levied on imported goods such as perfume and alcohol Shome, 1995). In conclusion, taxation in Australia is efficiently and easily understandable. Australia is known for its low tax burden compared to other developed jurisdictions. It is for this reason that I urge that the taxation is efficient. Also necessary institutions have been put in place to ensure taxation in the country runs smoothly both for the citizens and the government. The tax system is in accordance to the cannons of a good tax system that are simplicity, convenience, equality and certainty References. Lehman, G. J., Coleman, C, F. (1989). Taxation law in Australia. Butterworth-Heinemann. Thuronyi, V. (2003). Comparative tax law. Kluwer Law International. McMullan, R. (1992). Parliamentary debates senate hansard. Boden, R., Killian, S., Mulligan, E., Oats, L. (2010). Critical perspectives on taxation . critical Perspectives on Accounting 21(7), 541-544. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., Rob McQueen.(2002) Corporations law in Australia. Federation Press. Shome, P. (Ed). (1995). Tax policy handbook. International Monetary Fund.